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The Reality of the Immigrant American Dream in Dinaw Mengestu’s The Beautiful Things that Heaven Bears - Literature Essay Samples

Dinaw Mengestu’s The Beautiful Things that Heaven Bears focuses on the life of Sepha Stephanos and the way his immigrant journey intertwines with those around him. Due to the violence he saw before leaving Ethiopia, Sepha is â€Å"unable to enact the linear trajectory epitomized by his new homeland’s grand narrative: the American dream,† making him the perfect narrator for a story centralizing around immigration American dream, which surpasses promises of upward-mobility and white-picket-fences to include a life better than the one held previously (Cesare 115). Sepha’s distance from this â€Å"grand narrative† allows him to sympathize with his friends and family, while also holding onto reality. As Olopade explains, â€Å"Sepha Stephanos has come to stitch himself into the dream that has always blanketed the United States: the promise that you can make it if you try† (135). Sepha describes what opportunities the people around him believe Amer ica to have, but then he depicts it’s cruel truth. Sepha shows what characters do to deal with this reality, specifically him and his two best friends, which is to continuously play a game detailing the violence in Africa. Sepha claims â€Å"the liberal idea of America is at its best in advertising,† so this paper will focus on what is advertised, what the reality is, and what the characters do to deal with this (Mengestu 98). Mengestu uses his characters to prove that the American dream, heightened by immigrant ideals, has fallacies that can only then be justified through comparison and denial. The violence in Sepha’s past prevents him from wanting to fulfil the immigrant American dream, allowing him the distance to reflect on it properly. As Cesare says, â€Å"Sepha was too young and traumatized by guilt over his role in his father’s death at the time of his departure from Ethiopia to maintain any sense of agency in the transition or use it to claim artistic privilege. Because Sepha’s narrative does not fit neatly into the category of immigrant or exile, he is doubly dislocated and unable to occupy fully the space in which he finds himself† (121). One of the first times this becomes clear to the readers is when Sepha remembers his uncles â€Å"grandest ambitions for [him] when [he] first arrived from Ethiopia† (Mengestu 41). Sepha explains that he did not want to be any thing greater than â€Å"what [he] already was,† saying, â€Å"I was poor, black, and wore the anonymity that came with that as a shield against all of the early ambitions of the immigrant, which had long since abandoned me, assuming they had ever really been mind to begin with. I did not come to America to find a better life. I came here running and screaming with the ghosts of an old one firmly attached to my back† (41). Sepha outlines the reason he came to America as it was not to â€Å"find a better life,† but to escape an old one. This fact separates him from most of the other characters in this novel who are struggling to reach the middle class. Sepha in fact strives on the anonymity that being â€Å"poor† and â€Å"black† brings him, as it allows him to escape the immigrant American dream. This line is particularly interesting as Sepha literally uses his status as a poor, black man to hide himself in the masses of them in America, running aw ay from immigrant ambitions into this anonymous identity. Sepha distances himself from this immigrant dream and the expectations surrounding it at several points throughout the novel. For example, when reflecting on why he left his uncle’s place, he says, â€Å"Either I left to create a new life of my own, one free from the restraints and limits of culture, or I turned my back on everything I was and that had made me† (117). Here, Sepha admits that regardless of the reason he left, he did so to get away from some remnant of his past and the values that governed it. Sepha runs away to start a â€Å"new life† which, as stated above, is bathed in the anonymity that comes with living in a poor, black neighborhood in D.C. Though Sepha does not subscribe to the ideals of the American dream, he still feels trapped enough to try and run away or hide from it. This makes Sepha the perfect character to narrate this novel detailing the fallacies of the American dream, as he is far enough removed, but also so close to it. Kenneth, Sepha’s close friend, embodies the immigrant American dream as he came to America with the hopes of reaching both the middle class and his life potential. Very early on into the novel Mengestu brings up the time Kenneth bought his first car, describing, â€Å"He had rented a car for the occasion, a midsize sedan that placed him squarely in the middle class, of which he had just recently become a member†¦It wasn’t just the clothes and the rented car, but an unadorned confidence that I had never seen him with before† (11). Because Kenneth dressed up and rented a car just to buy one demonstrates how excited he was to be â€Å"squarely in the middle class.† Later, Kenneth explains that his father is part of the reason he strives so hard to be part of the middle class: Exactly. That’s it. That’s all he ever was. A poor illiterate man who lived in a slum. And you know what that makes h im in Africa? Nothing. That’s what Africa is right now. A continent full of poor illiterates dying in slums. What am I supposed to miss? Being sent into the street to beg white tourists for money? If I die today, my sister in Nairobi will get one hundred thousand dollars. Someone would have to come and move the furniture out of my apartment. My suits will be shipped back to Kenya for my cousins. You, Joseph, would get my car. The only thing my father owned when he died was a picture of Jomo Kenyatta. His great leader. From the day I was born, there have been only two leaders of Kenya. The first was terrible, and now the second is even worse. That’s why I am here in this country. No revolutions. No coup. (186) Kenneth came to America for this immigrant heightened version of the American dream, searching not only for money, but for a more peaceful, democratic life. Kenneth explains how his father was â€Å"nothing† and in doing so he explains his search to become something in Americasomeone who matters and is of more consequence. It is interesting that Kenneth mentions that â€Å"someone would have to come and move the furniture out of my apartment,† because the purpose of it only seems to be that Kenneth dying will effect more than just his family and friends, as someone will have to do something about it. When talking about his sister Kenneth highlights another main aspect of the immigrant American dream, which is sending money back to his family. Even Sepha does this and explains, â€Å"I send them money once every few months when I can afford to, even though I know they don’t need it. I do it because I am in America, and because sending money home is supposed to be the consolation prize for not being home† (41). Sepha explains that he sends money back to his family because he feels like he has to, proving that it is part of living the immigrant American dream. In his speech Kenneth also lists his material things that will go to people when he dies, his money, suits, and car, because to him these things equal his self worth. His father had nothing, ergo he was â€Å"nothing,† Kenneth has things, ergo he is something. Kenneth explains all of the major aspects of the immigrant American dream, his desire to have money and send some home, his need to matter, his search for a better life. Kenneth shares this immigrant American dream with most other characters close to Sepha, especially his uncle and mother. Because Sepha had become a scholar he explains, â€Å"To the friends and acquaintances of my uncle, all refugees like him, I was already a moderate success, someone to be teased and bragged about over dinner conversations. To my mother in Ethiopia, I was the penultimate accomplishment of a long-awaited dream† (98). This quote illustrates the advertising of America, how being a student can be the â€Å"penultimate accomplishment of a long-awaited dream† to someone in Africa and illustrates how America’s advertising has infiltrated his mother’s thoughts from all across the world. In the novel, the reality of the immigrant American dream as little more than advertising sets in slowly, like most things, as the excitement the characters have for a new beginning begins to fade. For example, when Sepha glances at the monuments he thinks of his friends and says, â€Å"It’s been years since either of them has gone near those buildings, and how could blame them? Reality has settled in, and they’re both still waiting to recover† (47). Sepha explains that when his friends first came to America the monuments were so significant and representing of opportunity, but now that they have been there for a while â€Å"reality has settled in.† Sepha claiming that his friends are â€Å"still waiting to recover,† denotes that they were extremely disappointed with the truth of the immigrant American dream. Sepha also shows this s ense of disappointment in the actions of Joseph, his other close friend, explaining, â€Å"Those early lines of poetry gave Joseph just enough romanticism to make it through his years at the Capitol Hotel, and now the Colonial Grill, but they were losing their power. Now, when he talks about the restaurant, it’s exclusively as a joke of sarcastic comment. He refers to it as the Colony† (117). This quote displays how the reality of living in America slowly sets in on Joseph. Joseph likes to romanticize America and does so for several years until the poetry loses â€Å"their power,† illustrating the gradual decay of the character’s romanticization of America. Later on, when glancing in the mirror, Sepha explains his image, saying, â€Å"I look exactly like what I am: a desperate man, on the verge of middle age, with only the money in his pockets to spare. I have dark rings under my eyes, a nose and forehead damp with sweat† (115). Sepha demonstrates what the stress of living in America has done to him, making him â€Å"desperate† with â€Å"dark rings† under his eyes. He also brings up that he has â€Å"only the money in his pockets to spare† with disappointment, almost as if in being poor he has failed somehow. In this passage, Sepha shows the mental and physical toll living in America has brought upon him, as the reality for him is not some glorious life, but instead one of hardship. Even Kenneth, despite his confidence in the immigrant American dream, does not have an ideal life. Sepha explains avoiding seeing Kenneth when they lived together, saying, â€Å"I couldn’t bear the sight of him sitting frozen and lifeless in a plastic lawn chair by the patio windows drinking beer after beer , wiggling his toes in his expensive wool socks. I came home one night and found him laughing hysterically to himself† (145). To Sepha, the American dream has made Kenneth â€Å"frozen† and â€Å"life less† in his expensive â€Å"wool socks,† demonstrating how even if Kenneth has money, he still does not necessarily have a better life. Further, Kenneth â€Å"drinking beer after beer† and â€Å"laughing hysterically to himself,† almost denotes that in a way Kenneth has lost himself and maybe the dream he pursues has turned him a little insane. The quote proves that even for those who deeply follow the immigrant version of the American dream, the reality of it is not as amazing as they thought. To deal with the actuality of America, Sepha and other characters in the book constantly compare their situation to Africa to feel better about their choice. Sepha does this in many ways, but the most apparent is in the game him and his friends play. At the very beginning of this book, Sepha introduces the game, explaining, â€Å"So far we’ve named more than thirty different coups in Africa. It’s become a game with us. Name a dictator and then guess the year and country. We’ve been playing the game for over a year now. We’ve expanded our playing field to include failed coups, rebellions, minor insurrections, guerilla leaders, and the acronym of as many rebel groups as we can find† (8). As the book progresses, the game becomes a way for the three friends to distract themselves from the harsh realities of living in America. For example, when Sepha learns he is going to lose his shop due to his long history of overdue and unpaid rent, he calls Kenneth. Kenneth and Sepha get into a short conversation about why Sepha did not work harder to keep his shop, but before Kenneth can offer Sepha money he cuts him off, explaining, â€Å"I know what he wants to say next, but I won’t let him. ‘Joseph Kony,’ I say† (70). Sepha brings up the game of naming different coups in Africa to distract them from the truth of his life in America. Additionally, by bringing up the African coups while talking a bout his store, Sepha draws comparison between the too. In another instance, Stepha thinks about calling Kenneth, saying, â€Å"I want to reassure him and tell him that I am going to do something, with my store and with myself, just as he asked me to. I have one more name for him first: Valentine Strasser† (95). Again, Sepha finds the game a way to ignore his problems in America. When Sepha’s store was succeeding in a way he was as well, but as his store declines, Stepha’s life in America comes into focus and he understands the fallacies of the American dream. And he avoids talking about them by instead bringing up African coups, because at least if the American dream isn’t working out for them they are, generally, in a safer place. In fact, the first time they play the game Kenneth and Joseph are talking about why Sepha hates America, Sepha distracts them again, explaining, â€Å"before either of them can tell me something else about America (â€Å"â⠂¬ËœThis country cares only about one thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘There are three things you need to know about Americans†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢), I call out, ‘Busakka’† (145). Sepha’s constant use of the game to distract his friends or stop a conversation about different aspects of the American dream go to show how he deals with this truth. And while the comparison between the American dream and African tyrants probably exists to make the characters feel better about their situation, it also goes to show how Sepha truly feels about the American dream. To him it is worse than just advertising at these points, and instead an ideal that rules over his life and the lives of his friends almost like the tyrants. He even compares the emotion he felt when first seeing the monuments, the â€Å"silent, almost fearful awe,† to when his parents saw â€Å"the emperor in Ethiopia† (46). Sepha and his friends use the game to distract them from their life in America , but by doing so they also draw comparison between America and Africa. Throughout the novel readers are confronted with the disparity of what the character’s believed life in America would be and what the reality is. The character’s deal with this by playing the game and drawing comparisons between Africa and America. The billboard that prompted Sepha to claim that the â€Å"liberal idea of America is at its best in advertising† said â€Å"Taking You Where You Want To Be,† but throughout the novel Sepha has goes nowhere (98). The book begins with him in his shop and ends with him looking at it and knowing he will lose it. Sepha has gone nowhere, will not go anywhere, and this book details him coming to terms with this reality and his process of dealing with it. Words Cited Mengestu, Dinaw. The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears. Riverhead Books, 2008.Cesare, N. â€Å"How Did I End Up Here?†: Dynamic Cartography in Dinaw Mengestu’s The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears. ariel: A Review of International English Literature, vol. 46 no. 3, 2015, pp. 113-136. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ari.2015.0015Olopade, Dayo. â€Å"Go West, Young Men.† Transition, no. 100, 2008, pp. 134–151. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20542545.

The Real Problem of Plagiarism - 1168 Words

Plagiarism In academic settings, there are systems in place which dictate how administration expects the students to behave. These codes can be different based upon the specific rules of the institution in question. Some have clothing rules, others rules about alcohol or drug use, but there are certain rules which are more universal and are found in almost all schools. Many schools have rules which dictate that students must behave in ways which the institution considers to be honorable. These honor codes can include different components, but it is primarily a pledge against cheating in any sense of the word including plagiarism. The students pledge to the school that any assignments that they turn in will be their own work and that their performances on examinations will be based upon their own academic determination, rather than cheating. In return, the university or college pledges to believe that the students work is his or her own (McCabe 585). 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Research Proposal Expansion of International Trade

Question: Describe about the Research Proposal for Expansion of International Trade. Answer: Introduction Rapid changes in the sector of higher education have led to the expansion of international trade in higher education services. Therefore, countries such as Holland, UK, New Zealand and US have transformed into host countries for a diverse assortment of international students and hence the higher education services have become increasingly associated with a global export industry (Ahmad, Rahman Rahman, 2015). Higher education has turned out to be a major source of foreign exchange for the host countries, especially in the post Second World War era. The gradual increase in popularity of the host countries for international students resulted in imposition of regular fees for the international students. This issue has led to the origin of arrangements between higher education institutes in conventional host countries and local institutes for higher education. Malaysia has been a prolific contributor to the sector of international students for higher education in host countries. Therefor e, Malaysia has to face the implications of rising costs of higher education in overseas destinations as well as the increasing demand for higher education in the local jurisdiction. Furthermore, the establishment of private institutions for ensuring higher educational services in Malaysia also demanded the drastic reforms in higher education sector in the country (Abdul, Reza Amizi, 2016). The restructuring of higher education sector in Malaysia was realized in the mid part of 1990s and was also modified further in order to cope with the Asian financial crisis in 1998 through advertisement of benefits which could be derived in the form of foreign exchange. The complex competitive landscape in the Asian continent increased gradually with the increasing number of institutes for provision of higher education to international students (Abdollah, Abdullah Voon, 2016). The aggregation of several institutes for provision of higher education also raises concerns for research in order to review the factors responsible for attracting students to the Malaysian private educational institutes. The information obtained in context of the research activity could be used to frame a problem statement, thereby illustrating the problem statement for the research as well as the research objectives. Problem statement The research problem is vested in the acquisition of attention of international and local students for private educational institutes in Malaysia. The problem arises from the background of higher education restructuring in Malaysia alongside other competitors in Asia which are gradually becoming centers for academic excellence in higher education. The execution of past research activities in the domain of consumer behavior and business management direct towards the changes in consumer behavior due to certain factors such as financial attractiveness, ease of access to employment and placement opportunities, institution attractiveness, flexibility of procedures for enrolment and the availability of educational courses and programs (Aziz Chok, 2013). The research is also subject to considerable gaps as perceived in suitability of the environment of Malaysia to foreign students which can decrease the prospects for foreign exchange through the educational sector. Furthermore, the researc h gap also counts for the inclusion of limited factors in context of the judgment of students (consumers) and the exclusion of behavioral as well as demographic traits of consumers. The research process progresses in unison with a purpose statement highlighting the generic objective of the research process (Bagheri, 2014). The purpose statement is directed towards identification of the profound factors which could improve the attractiveness of private higher educational institutions in Malaysia. The research study assumes specific factors identified in previous research activities as well as the literature review in order to resolve the research problem. Research question and objectives The research question is, What are the factors observed in consumer behavior that can affect the preferences of students opting for higher education in private institutions in Malaysia? The objectives of the research could be illustrated as follows: The first objective of the research is to determine the suitability of financial attractiveness as a formidable factor in the preferences of students for higher education in Malaysia Second objective refers to illustration of employment opportunities as an influencing factor. Finally, the research aims to identify the alternate evaluation criterion implemented by students for selection of a private institute for higher education in Malaysia. The quantification of the individual objectives could be accomplished through the research activity which represents the behavioral preferences of students and can be accessed in the form of frequencies or percentage as observed in the outcomes of data collection and analysis stages of the research (Bagheri, 2014). The significance of the study could be observed in context of the Malaysian economy as well as the different private educational institutes for higher education in Malaysia. The research outcomes could enable the identification of potential prospects for enhancing the foreign exchange earning capabilities as well as the reputation of private institutions in Malaysia as centers for academic excellence in higher education. This would also account for realization of development opportunities for the higher education sector in Malaysia and could be beneficial for local students who prefer to travel abroad for higher education. Literature review Products and services are the offerings of the business industry to people in return for financial returns. The educational sector has also changed into a global business with the increasingly complex demands for international educating in host countries. The different entities which are responsible for moderation of consumer behavior in the educational industry have been rarely mentioned in business management literature (Chamhuri, Kusumawat Batt, 2015). However, the essential dimensions responsible for decision making abilities of students alongside the factors responsible for selection of institutes have been illustrated in distinct works by researchers and scholars in business management. Prior to illustration of literature, it is imperative to apprehend the definitions of evaluation criteria preferred by a consumer for judging a particular product. Selection of a product has been attributed as an outcome of the consumer behavior and the latter is associated with numerous underl ying implications such as evaluation criteria and the purpose or value proposition of the product or service. Evaluation criteria can be considered as a cumulative entity derived from specific aspects, benefits or features in a particular product which could respond to a particular problem of the consumer (Hsin et al., 2013). Evaluation criteria perform an exclusive role in determination of alternatives to a specific product or service. Consumers are entitled to form their evaluation criteria based on information from external and internal sources thereby realizing a comprehensive evaluation of alternatives to reach the most promising decision. The efficiency of evaluation criteria can be derived from the comparison of strengths and drawbacks of individual product and service alternatives with respect to the evaluation criteria established earlier. The intangible nature of consumer behavior is associated with lack of quantified representation as well as the ambiguity of factors whic h influence consumer behavior since individual evaluation criteria can vary on the basis of personal or behavioral preferences (Jayasingh Eze, 2015). The different research activities in the sector of marketing in higher education are not considered as sufficient references for deriving precise outcomes. Furthermore, the assistance for the literature in context of research activity can be obtained from the comprehension of the factors which influence decision making abilities of students. The profound observations in literature have pointed out to the complexity of decision making for students while selecting an institution according to their preferences. The choice of an educational institute after the completion of secondary education is cumbersome for the students as they could not formulate a precise evaluative criterion. Even though it can be said that students have specific preferences which account for their evaluation criteria, the relevance of the factors to the final outcome cannot be perceived. Students preferring for educational institutes on the basis of advertising or any other form of attractiveness implied by the e ducational institutes account for the primitive evaluation criteria and chances of inadequate services are higher in this case (Khoo-Lattimore Prayag, 2016). The complexity of the decision making process in selecting a reasonable institution for students is responsible for deriving considerable efforts on behalf of students. Students are supposed to undertake extensive internal and external search for information and thereby present a viable approach to institute selection (Latiff Ariff, 2013). Students should be able to apprehend the features of educational institutes in context of the information acquired by them alongside following viable approaches to interpret the information with respect to their evaluation criteria. The processing of data in a meaningful manner enables students to accomplish a reasonable selection of institutions (Latiff Ariff, 2013). The selecting capabilities of students or decision making abilities could be illustrated in context of consumer behavior. Students are also considered as consumers of the educational industry and hence their behavior could be accounted as a vital aspect of business management in education. Organizations in the educational sector implement considerable marketing efforts for various educational programs in order to allure students. Notable citations in literature have directed towards the influence of distinct variables on the decision making process adopted by students. It is imperative that the number of variables which could influence the selection process of students could be segregated into wider encompassing categories or themes (Latiff Ariff, 2013). These themes are largely recognized in literature with references to their impact on consumer behavior among students. First of all, the financial attractiveness of an institute is perceived by students as a major influence on their decisions. The primary cause for restructuring of educational sector in several countries in the Asian continent could be sighted in the increasing costs for international education in host countries which traditionally served international students (Osman et al., 2012). Therefore, financial attractiveness is ensured by private institutions through measures such as scholarships, grants or study aids to foreign and local students alike. Deduction in fees on the basis of academic performance is also perceived as a prominent aspect of financial attractiveness depicted by the private higher educational institutes. Thereafter the educational programs facilitated by the institutes must be suitable for the academic preferences of students i.e. the courses should be aligned with the distinct streams of secondary education provided all over the world. The availability of programs and courses is also an influential factor in determining consumer behavior of students since minimal availability of preferred courses in a particular institute could prompt students to consider other alternatives (Rashid, Rahman Khalid, 2014). The third variable which is included in the evaluation criteria of students is the flexibility of enrolment procedures. Generally, it is obs erved that students, especially international, are subject to numerous complicacies during enrolment in specific courses such a student visa, permissions and authorization from local authorities. Thereafter, students are profoundly concerned with the ease of access to placement opportunities after completion of the program or course. The characteristic feature of an educational program or course can be observed in the prospects for employment offered to students. Generally, educational institutes which could be able to provide promising employment opportunities to students after graduation account for higher prospects to attract students. Finally, the reputation of an institute in the local as well as international jurisdictions is responsible for the choice of students (Safi Ramay, 2013). It is imperative that an educational institute with all the necessary facilities and infrastructure as well as proven track record of efficiency in higher education services poses superior chance s of selection by students. The diversity of factors which are observed in literature in context of the consumer behavior observed in students opting for higher education services in private institutions can be considered as beneficial for reaching on a definitive choice of institution. However, the consideration of diverse factors can be associated with negligence for certain underlying implications. Methodology Research design of this activity is concerned with the selected approach for research. The research assumes a qualitative approach which includes a precise description of research variables which could not be quantified (Teng, Siong Mesbahi, 2013). The selection of qualitative approach is used for obtaining diverse implications for research outcomes which could not be possible in a quantitative approach since the research variables assumed for this activity are intangible in nature. Data collection would be ensured through a questionnaire survey which fulfills the objective of primary data collection. The selection of questionnaire survey as a promising alternative for primary data collection can be validated by the sample behavior which comprises of students (Wyer, 2015). The sample selected for the research survey comprises of 30 students in private institutes of Malaysia. Secondary data collection is carried out with the help of online sources such as research publications, academic journals and peer-reviewed articles as well as literature associated with consumer behavior and business management. The measurement of variables is ensured through a comprehensive representation of data collection outcomes in the form of percentages and frequencies, thereby easing the process of interpretation (Wee et al., 2014). Reliability of the method can be ensured through the collection of questionnaire responses directly in first hand from the respondents. The validity of the data can be concluded through the present association of respondents with the educational institutes in Malaysia. The Data analysis method used for the research is the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The software is capable of drawing generalizations of research findings in data collection stage. The apprehension of consumer behavior traits in students through the research variables can be observed descriptively with the help of outcomes of the data analysis process which is in the form of frequency and percentages. Research ethics Every research activity is characterized with the presence of ethical standards referring to the permission for research activity, management of resources and the process of data collection. The researcher should emphasize on obtaining permission from individual participants in order to execute the data collection process (Zendehdel, Paim Osman, 2015). The participants must be greeted properly alongside being informed about the research objectives and assumed significance of the research. The data collection process should be executed in presence of the participant and the inputs must be stored in PDA or any other documented form in order to preserve the integrity of the data. Budget and Timescale The specification of resources for the research accounts for a formidable inclusion in the research proposal. Financial resources required for the research can be estimated in the form of expenses of data collection process, secondary sources of information, stationery costs and expenses for travel and food. The estimated budget for the research activity is estimated at 100 baht which will be primarily used for food, travel and data collection instruments (Wee et al., 2014). The timescale allowed for the research is six weeks and can be illustrated with references to individual research activities in the form of a Gantt chart as described below. Gantt chart: Activity Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Selection of research topic Estimation of research question and objectives Literature review Primary data collection Secondary data collection Data analysis Review of findings in data analysis Final formatting and submission Conclusion The research proposal indicated the key terms and definitions required for executing research on the issue of factors influencing consumer behavior among students in context of private educational institutes in Malaysia. References Ahmad, A.N., Rahman, A.A. and Ab Rahman, S., 2015. Assessing knowledge and religiosity on consumer behavior towards halal food and cosmetic products.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity,5(1), p.10. Abdul Latiff, Z.A.B., Rezai, G., Mohamed, Z. and Amizi Ayob, M., 2016. Food labels impact assessment on consumer purchasing behavior in Malaysia.Journal of Food Products Marketing,22(2), pp.137-146. Abdollah, I.I., Abdullah, F. and Voon, B.H., 2016. Developing Scales for Measuring Cultural Values in the Context of Consumer Research.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,224, pp.421-428. Aziz, Y.A. and Chok, N.V., 2013. The role of Halal awareness, Halal certification, and marketing components in determining Halal purchase intention among non-Muslims in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling approach.Journal of International Food Agribusiness Marketing,25(1), pp.1-23. Bagheri, M., 2014. Luxury Consumer Behavior in Malaysia: Loud Brands vs. Quiet Brands.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,130, pp.316-324. Belk, R.W., Askegaard, S. and Scott, L. eds., 2012.Research in consumer behavior. Emerald Group Publishing. Chamhuri, N., Kusumawaty, Y. and Batt, P.J., 2015, February. Islamic Perspectives on Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Planning, Implementation, and Control. InIGI Global. Hsin Chang, H., Rizal, H. and Amin, H., 2013. The determinants of consumer behavior towards email advertisement.Internet Research,23(3), pp.316-337. Jayasingh, S. and Eze, U.C., 2015. An empirical analysis of consumer behavioural intention towards mobile coupons in Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Information,4(2). Khoo-Lattimore, C. and Prayag, G., 2016. Accommodation preferences of the girlfriend getaway market in Malaysia; self-image, satisfaction and loyalty.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(12). Latiff, A. and Ariff, Z., 2013.Effects of food labels on consumers purchasing behavior in Malaysia(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia). Liu, Z., Yang, Z., Zeng, F. and Waller, D., 2015. The Developmental Process of Unethical Consumer Behavior: An Investigation Grounded in China.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.411-432. Muhamad, R., Said, A.N. and Seman, A.C., 2015. The Influence of Religiosity on the Perception of Service Quality in the Islamic Banking Industry in Malaysia. Osman, M.A., Talib, A.Z., Sanusi, Z.A., Shiang-Yen, T. and Alwi, A.S., 2012. A Study of the Trend of Smartphone and its Usage Behavior in Malaysia.International Journal of New Computer Architectures and their Applications (IJNCAA),2(1), pp.274-285. Rashid, N.R.N.A., Rahman, N.I.A. and Khalid, S.A., 2014. Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (ECSR) as a Strategic Marketing Initiatives.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,130, pp.499-508. Safi, A. and Ramay, M.I., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and consumer behavior: a study from Pakistan.Information Management and Business Review,5(4), p.194. Teng, P.K., Siong, H.K. and Mesbahi, M.M., 2013, June. Awareness, recognition and intention: insights from a non-muslim consumer survey regarding halal labeled food products in Malaysia. In3rd International conference on management proceeding(pp. 10-11). Wyer, R.S., 2015. Cultural differences in procedural knowledge and their impact on consumer behavior.Handbook of Culture and Consumer Behavior, p.34. Wee, C.S., Ariff, M.S.B.M., Zakuan, N., Tajudin, M.N.M., Ismail, K. and Ishak, N., 2014. Consumers perception, purchase intention and actual purchase behavior of organic food products.Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research,3(2), p.378. Zendehdel, M., Paim, L.H. and Osman, S.B., 2015. Students online purchasing behavior in Malaysia: Understanding online shopping attitude.Cogent Business Management,2(1), p.1078428.

Ready to die free essay sample

Hip Hop artist Notorious B. I. G released his debut album Ready to Die under the Bad Boy Records label. This was marked as the first release on their label. Ready to Die made the Notorious B. I. G. A star and vaulted Sean Puffy Combs Bad Boy label Into the spotlight as well. Its recognized as one of the greatest hardcore rap albums ever recorded. The album reached quadruple platinum with infamous tracks Juicy, Big Poppa and One More Chance. In June of 1995, the single One More Chance debuted at number five in the pop singles chart, tying MichaelJacksons Scream / Childhood as the highest-debuting single of all time. Ready to Die continued to gain popularity throughout 1995, eventually selling two million copies. Producers who took part of the album were DC Premier, Easy Mo Bee, Puffy etc. The album cover is an infant with similarities of the artist sporting an afro. We will write a custom essay sample on Ready to die or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B. I. G. Had been influenced by everyone from Cool G Rap to NNW, Too Short to Slick Rick. The concept behind it is the artists life from birth to death. This album cover is considered one of the best Hip Hop covers of all time. Its always easy to see elements f Biggie in his narrators and of his own experience in the details; everything is firmly rooted In reality, but plays Like scenes from a movie. His storytelling skills brought a huge impact to the future of rap music. He made the things that he said so clear and vivid. The stakes were raised, says Www-Tang founder and producer RAZZ. Before 8. 1. G. , you might put out anything, now you knew, okay, Its real out there, you goat come correct, cause this cat Is spending time on his salt. Even other producers and Macs knew that Biggie was very talented.SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF BIGGIE: Christopher Wallace, a. K. A. Biggie Smalls, was born in Brooklyn, New York, May 21, 1972. He was raised in the poor Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant as the son of a preschool teacher. Dropping out of high school at the age of seventeen, Biggie became a crack dealer, which he proclaimed was his only source of Income. Hustling was the way for a common young Black man trying to make a living in the ghetto. His career choices involved certain risks. However, a trip to North Carolina for a routine drug exchange ended being the soon-to-be MAC a nine-month stay behind bars.Once released, Biggie borrowed a friends four-track tape recorder and laid own some hip-hop tracks In a basement. The tapes were then passed around and played at local radio station In New York. Not extremely attractive, Wallace named dark skinned, and had a crook in his eye, yet he was a charmer. A young impresario and sometime producer by the name of Sean Combs (Daddy) heard Baggies early tapes. Impressed, Puffy went to sign Biggie to his new label, Bad Boy Records. Puffy and Biggie worked on the artists first album, and the Notorious B. I. G. Was born. Biggie was first heard on a remix of a Mary J. Bilge song and a track on the Whos the Man? 1991 soundtrack. After these successes, the album worked on earlier went through its final touches and was released in 1994, titled Ready to Die. The record was certified platinum quickly, and the Notorious B. I. G. Was named MAC of the Year at the 1995 Billboard Music Awards. After the quick success of the album, Biggie went back to get his friends, some who didnt even rhyme. He had several run-ins with the law, on charges that ranged from beatings, to drugs and to weapons, while all claimed that Biggie was a gentle person. INTRO: Just listen man, your mother giving you money Amiga?

Atonement Ian Mc Ewan Essay Example

Atonement Ian Mc Ewan Essay Example Atonement Ian Mc Ewan Essay Atonement Ian Mc Ewan Essay Essay Topic: A Woman Killed With Kindness Twelfth Night A radical revolt, questioning the notion of a scent. What we have In our discourse is not simply that language reflects a particular truth; the sign doesnt refer to a fixed kind of object. Language Is composed of a variety of signs which continually refer to other signs. To differ substitution of signs. The infinite differing of meaning = difference. If the truth is questioned, the concept of humanism is also questioned; it reflects the values off particular historical point. This is called discursively constructive = SST that is created, but does not pre-exist. Shift from universal to particular values: everything Is constructed and Is not pre- existing. There is ethical concern is Atonement. Its a post modernist novel. We move from fiction to metrification always systematically. Metrification is dealing with how fiction is produced. Something textual its not an essence, constructed and divided. The distinction between fiction and metrification is blurred. The fictionally of the world is questioned. Intellectuality becomes also Important allusions to other authors. The language citations are used and show how constructed and how artificial English literature Is. It Is called In the post-modernist era (Linda Hutchison), a parody = referring to the sat with a difference. History Is seen as very Toll Ana prominent moving away Trot revolutionize tendencies. They want to reemphasize the importance of historical detail. Novels are often a way of questioning the process in which we can write about history. Its not a historical novel in the conventional sense, but its a novel in order to prompt ourselves to ask the question about the perspective of history. In Atonement is showed how difficult it is to reconstruct the totality of the war. Questioning of writing history, historiographer writing history is some kind of story writing. This novel explicitly shows that its constructed from reality. It shows the different phases of writing a book. Emphasis on the ex-centric: emphasis on ethnic minorities, women After the war, many writers start to write about groups that start to be ignored. There is no notion of a centre and the centre cannot speak from everybody. Modernism privileges things that are fluid and unfixed. Its often difficult to distinguish between the two literary movements. We focus on how fiction is close to reality. Blurring of science and fiction. Ms Anew He was born in 1948 and studied at the University of East Anglia in Norwich which is till famous for the course of creative writing. This is a course for apprentice writers. The novelists found at this course are Malcolm Bradbury novels about campus life. A great number of writers in the UK have graduated from his creative writing course, including Ian Ms Anew. In the early period, there was a focus on the bizarre: The Comfort of Strangers: Story of young honeymooners in Venice. They face a danger of meeting an older couple until finally they are trapped in the house who are sexual perverts and who eventually killed them. Later, he became concerned with the notion of good and evil. Black Dogs (1992) deals with the world after the collapse of the Berlin Wall. Black Dogs is a symbol that fascism is still with us; they are the Nazi dogs who used to torture the prisoners. Atonement 2 Saturday (2005) one day in the life of a neurosurgeon, who is attacked during the day and on the very same day, he has to perform an operation on the man who attacked him -> moral dilemma. There allusions of the post 9/1 1 and terrorism. How do we have to react towards such situations? The Gothic note of the novel is adapted to the contemporary period. The Gothic was a mind of style that developed in the 18th century which reintroduced the irrational in contrast to the philosophical enlightenment of romanticism. It is prominent in the novels by Jane Austin (Northerner Abbey, Emma), Bronze (Withering Heights). Atonement is in the same tradition. At the beginning of Atonement, there is a quotation from Northerner Abbey, Ian Ms Anew questions the rationality and the social structure of the British society. Atonement In modernism, there is a preoccupation with shifting points of view and with morality. This preoccupation with ethics is typically British. There is always this difficulty of seeing, because the weather is too bright. Historiographer metrification of the second World War. Story analysis. The first chapter is about a play written by Bryony. The beginning is ir onic because the play reflects the wider plot and shows what is going to happen to Bryony herself. Bryony is interested in gothic prose, she is like Mrs. Mooreland, unable to distinguish what is gothic and what is not. The end of Britons play is characterized with a happy ending and its what is certainly not going to happen in Atonement. Bryony studies ere mothers face because she wants her to approve of her play > study of detail. Bryony wants to control people, Just like Jane Statutes Emma. She is so meticulous; she is Just like the general of an army unlike her sister who is closed in her room among books. Bryony is a contradiction because she likes order and she likes secrets. What she enjoys are very insignificant things. There is a great emphasis placed on her sense of order. She did not have it in her to be cruel ironic passage of the book, she doesnt realize that shes cruel. You can be cruel without even knowing it; its something shes ongoing to discover at the end of the book. Bryony is an artist. The book is about being a writer. The young Bryony is the centre of the attention but we can sense an omniscient narrator telling the story. l en trials AT Ordeal Bryony play Is centralize as a melodrama, exactly want is going to happen to her. 1945- very conservative social background. Thinking of divorce isnt popular. The story of the sister is of a failed marriage like an echo. P. 13 there is already a conflict between the characters about the leading roles of the play. Lola wants to have the leading role and Bryony eventually decides that she is ongoing to be the director of the play. She is very authoritarian. The difficulties of putting out a play PROBLEM OF MEDICATION. Chapter 2 We are introduced to Cecilia. We have an omniscient narrator who explores what goes in the mind of the character. Cilias estate is a kind of paradise. Being expelled from the Tallish estate is like being expelled from paradise. Emphasis on the notion of gaze, look > looking doesnt always mean to understand. P. 21 Another literary allusion Claries by Richardson. This story is about love. The world of Atonement is the world of books. The first chapters take place in the library, something unusual in post modernism. The novel is about social values, transgressing the rules : Cecilia would like to have her independence. Cecilia is quite bold, she has much more freedom; she is wild and in that sense she is opposed to Bryony. Cecilia has feelings of attachment for Robbie but she wants to remain independent. Memories of the war are already present in the first chapters. They have a symbolic value. The vase is symbolic of the war, its something shes always been very attached to. Everything in this novel is associated with the war. . 27 He is in a very difficult position, he is in between two classes in a very structured society which is rather tight. He is somewhat different from everybody else. Roadie wants to study malice, Just Like In ten l orals AT Areola, winner ten woman falls in love with a medical doctor. There is a omniscient perspective but we are in Cilias mind. There is some kind of tension between them and she doesnt want to acknowledge the fact that she is in love with him. Restatement of different positions in the society. She is in a very difficult position herself, because she went to Cambridge. She didnt have good grades ( different from Robbie) and she is in a position of inferiority. The tension of the vase is in between them, because its going to break. The book is full of echoes because the vase is going to break again a second time at another part of the novel. It is a symbol of kindness and all sort of things. One can read in this breaking vase a proliferation of Robbers and Cilias relationship. Emphasis on light. Because its supposed to be written by Bryony who is trying to imitate Virginia Wolfs style. Its almost a pastiche. There is a reminiscence of the stream of consciousness in Virginia Wolf, we know hats going on in Cilias mind. When Bryony receives the rejection letter from the horizon, its quite similar. P. 30 The sense of being not willing to surrender. She is in a furry. As she climbed into the water in her underwear insignificant detail, like in Virginia Wolfs Solid Objects. Little details are going to cause a disaster. The Trials of Rubella, the trials of the heroin who later has to atone what she has done. Rubella is an opera by Richard Strauss and it is extremely refined, its about how husband and wife are finally reconciled and enjoyed a peaceful life of domesticity. Richard Strauss was a major composer of the 20th century and he was the last on to be a romantic. His latest compositions are about death and transfiguration but they are in an extremely romantic style. 1949 is very late indeed ; because there was a lot of experimental music by other composers. Medieval castle gothic allusions. Emphasis on nature. Like in Northerner Abbey, there is a mistake of perception. Its a gothic and post modern perspective. Do we have the right to make such mistakes? I Nils novel Is written Day ten 010 Bryony Ana It could not De peduncles ruling near lifetime. Metrification. P. 8 stream of consciousness, limited view. Robbie is present as a rapist. Bryony likes t o rearrange reality, typical of writers. But do writers have the right to do p. 39 gazing gazing doesnt give the ability to understand. Unambiguous sunlight emphasis on light but light doesnt seem to help. Irony because she things shes getting it wrong when shes not getting it wrong. She is initiated to adult life and its the beginning of her career as a writer. P. 40 hidden observer like herself sense of perspective. Is she not becoming the villain? Can we say that a point of view is always legitimate? After all, its not all relative, its not a matter of playful reference, its also about ethics. There did not have to be a moral thats what she thought at the time. However, the fact that the Atonement novel is made of divisions questions this. She is obviously making a mistake as not to commit herself. She writes in the style of V. Wolf, its not completely neutral, but she doesnt assume that all you need to do is to write about the same thing described from different perspectives but dismissing the concept of values this is her mistake as a writer. The voice of the late Bryony is aware that she was conceited. Its the wrong genre like if drama wasnt appropriate to what she has written. Metrification again. Paul Marshall is introduced to her. From the start, he is depicted as someone very old-baring, someone who is aware of his importance. The villain of the gothic tale. Paul Marshall is interested in Lola. There is a conversation and hes talking about himself all the time. He is talking also about the Rainbow ammo (=love) bar. Shes not mistaken about the fact that Marshall is stupid. She learns that Robbie has been invited by her brother to have diner with the family and shes upset about it. Chapter 5 Lola is again a possible literary allusion. Lola Nabob, Elliot, represents sexuality. Ian Ms Anew wants to show that. There is a conversation between Paul Marshall, the children and Lola for the first time. A literary allusion to Hamlet wanly suggests Tanat you neednt read to much because you start to think different things and that you begin to behave like a snob, like Paul Marshal Chapter 6 Perspective of the mother, reminiscent of Mrs. Dally, p. 68 shes a little bit like Mrs. Dally, she can no longer procreate. Shes missing the comfort of having a child to take care of. The crisis of middle age and the regret of no a nger having children, consciously an imitation of Virginia Wolf. Chapter 7 Bryony is persuaded that she has her great talent developing. P. 2 pastoral ideal emphasis on the nature, rather than on the rational- typical of gothic. Emphasis on perspective. There is an attempt of Bryony to imitate the expressionistic style of Virginia Wolf. P. 76 come back like a leitmotiv used in different contexts used between Cecilia and Robbie and Cecilia and her sister, like come back from a nightmare. So she was not able to come back! Chapter 8 Focuses on Robbie. He is in his study, where youre going to find medical and literary kooks. P. 82 Addends poems major poet of the 20th century. It is important because it has to do with the destruction of the values of Europe. All these magazines really existed. T. S Eliot is another poet. ( on the waste land? ). This is an echo when Bryony receives a rejection from another magazine. He lives in a world that is full of books. Its a novel about fiction, something that the movie couldnt reproduce because its another media. Allusion to Shakespearean comedies Twelfth Night a very dark comedy in which the main character is fooled by everybody and he is unhappily in love. At the end, we eave an Impression Tanat everyone Is nappy except t ml. This applies to Robbie. Its textual. Other authors: Freud p. 6 Robbie is unease but he is free of any sense of inappropriateness. He is very spontaneous and doesnt feel awkward of being in between two situations. Relationship of kindness between mother and son. Very intense feelings are expressed very economically. when I look for my face in my spoon, I see only you. P. 92 he thought of himself in 1962 Robbie wont live in 1962. Science religion-literature = three differ ent ways to see the world. Something you cant detect in the movie. It took Bryony a second to ruin an entire life. P. 103 Bryony feels different from the rest of the family, shes less of a conformist. They are going to have a diner and face a heat wave. Heat wave // sexual. Bryony hands in the letter to Cecilia who asks her if she has read it has! Bryony is an illustration of the role of the artist in the society. Chapter Ten of course she p. 113 Feeling guilty is a major theme in the novel. The writing of this book is a form of atonement. At the end of the book, Bryony is getting more and more sick = physical atonement. Atonement isnt going to resurrect people. Not only is she mistaken of what has happened, she is also thinking of how profitable its going to be for her writing. She is cruel without even knowing. With the letter some cruelness has been introduced. She thinks that theres a monster in the house echo of Northerner Abbey, gothic. Order is not always a good thing because its imposing SST wrong on the society. P seen could never Torture Roadie Nils Lusting mina I nerve Is good Ana evil and she is determined that the source of evil is Robbie himself. She tells Lola about it. Lola enjoys the power of being the centre of attention. Shes very selfish. There is a degree of fascination. the mans a maniac! they are thinking of committing something that will destroy Robbers and Cilias relationship. They are very naive. The fountain episode is very important and shes creating stories about this fountain. There is no doubt that the climax has to take place in the library. P. 122 the atmosphere is an imitation of the gothic novel. what she saw must have been shaped in part by what she already knew, or believed she knew. She saw them emphasis on gaze. Books are put in parallel with over-anxious imagination. Bryony misinterprets the situation, she is reshaping the world according to her imagination; then she leaves the room. Chapter 11. Diner p. 127 has England even been hotter? Robbie compares the hot weather to sexuality. There is a lot of gazing in the whole novel, especially at the diner; however, there is a feeling of discomfort. P. 128 Marshall speaking. All the rules change allusion to sexual heat but its also and equivalent of the transgressions of the rules of the whole family. P. 131 We are in the mind of Robbie who is sure of his relationship with Cecilia; direct quota tion from Shakespeare but Robbie is wrong about it. . 137 Another perspective of the library scene quite sensuous. The supposed attacked was in fact a moment of pleasure. Ironic parallels : Bryony also thinks shes reaching another stage in her life. Importance AT ten Moving moment of togetherness; the only moment of togetherness that theyre going to have. The notion of witnessing Robbie has the impression that God is watching them like a marriage contract. Religious aspect. P. 142 The twins decide to leave the diner. The leave a letter and they are escaping. P. 144 importance of the number of words in common with seeing. Two mistakes : Interpretation Bryony Teaching Robbie : giving the letter to Bryony and to participate in the search. We are in the mind of the wife, a typical Victorian woman. She doesnt agree to give money to her husband to be educated. She is aware that there is going to be a war, that there will be a massacre. There is a great number of echoes, including characterization. Robbie is a hybrid because he has been educated, he has been to Cambridge. He has humble origins but doesnt have the accent of lower people. He doesnt really fit among other soldiers. Emily doesnt like Jacks attitude because she thinks hes too generous. Robbie was manipulated by the British society. There is a rigidity of classes. Chapter 13. Focus on Bryony. P. 157 She is excited of this situation in terms of fiction writing. She is exhibiting the selfishness of the artist. Steam of is it good or not good to be a writer? Misconception of reality. She feels that she is the next on Robbers raping list. P. 158 Bryony is misinterpreting reality. She is mistaken. She has a crush on Robbie as a very young girl. He taught her how to swim. How could someone so benevolent become a villain in the wide imagination of a child? nothing of that sort would happen in England Northerner Abbey it did happen.